Mechanisms of action Saccharomyces boulardii

1 mechanisms of action

1.1 produces mct fatty acids against candida
1.2 antitoxin effects
1.3 antimicrobial effects
1.4 trophic effects on enterocytes
1.5 anti-inflammatory effects
1.6 increased levels of disaccharidases
1.7 increased immune response

mechanisms of action
produces mct fatty acids against candida

saccharomyces boulardii is used ‘yeast against yeast’ strategy inhibit overgrowth of candida yeasts in body. candida genus of yeasts are natural residents of human body; however, when conditions appropriate proliferation, can multiply , cause yeast infections known candidiasis (thrush).

research indicates that s. boulardii secretes capric, caprylic, , caproic acids inhibit hyphae formation on candida yeast, preventing multiplying. reduces candidial adhesion and biofilm formation, again reducing ability thrive , grow (murzyn et al., 2010). study showed both s. boulardii, significantly inhibited candida albicans adhesion epithelial cell lines. il-8 gene expression by c. albicans-infected caco-2 cells suppressed addition of s. boulardii. these results indicate that s. boulardii affects c. albicans adhesion , reduces cytokine-mediated inflammatory host response. (murzyn a. et al., 2010)

a prospective, randomised, comparative study conducted on total of 181 preterm infants gestational age of less 32 weeks, , birth weight of less 3.3lbs. randomised 2 groups, receive either s. boulardii or anti-fungal nystatin. weekly skin , stool cultures performed determine colonisation, , weekly blood cultures taken check invasive infections. 2 patients had candida-positive blood cultures in nystatin group, whereas no evidence of candida seen in probiotic group. additionally, feeding intolerance , clinical sepsis lower in probiotic group in nystatin group (demirel, et al., 2013).

nb: s. boulardii is not recommended under age of 1. check probiotics supplier before giving infants.

further relevant studies: algin c., et al. (2005), berg et al., (1993), berg r. et al., (1993), ducluzeau, r., (1982), jawhara, s., (2007), kumar s. et al., (2013), krasowska a. et al., (2009), lherm t. et al., (2002), mcfarland l. v., (2010), tomičić, z. et al., (2016).

antitoxin effects

s. boulardii secretes 54-kda protease, in vivo, has been shown degrade toxins , b, secreted c. difficile, , inhibit binding receptors along brush border. leads reduction in enterotoxinic , cytotoxic effects of c. difficile infection.

antimicrobial effects

escherichia coli , salmonella typhimurium, 2 pathogenic bacteria associated acute infectious diarrhea, shown adhere mannose on surface of s. boulardii via lectin receptors (adhesins). once invading microbe bound s. boulardii, prevented attaching brush border; eliminated body during next bowel movement.

trophic effects on enterocytes

the hypersecretion of water , electrolytes (including chloride ions), caused cholera toxin during vibrio cholerae infection, can reduced introduction of s. boulardii. 120-kda protease secreted s. boulardii has been observed have effect on enterocytes lining large , small intestinal tract–inhibiting stimulation of adenylate cyclase, led reduction in enterocytic cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp) production , chloride secretion.

during e. coli infection, myosin light chain phosphorylated leading degradation of tight junctions between intestinal mucosa enterocytes. s. boulardii has been shown prevent phosphorylation, leading reduction in mucosal permeability, , decrease in translocation of pathogenic bacteria.

polyamines (spermidine , spermine) have been observed released s. boulardii in rat ileum. polyamines have been theorized stimulate maturation , turnover of small intestine enterocytes.

anti-inflammatory effects

interleukin 8 (il-8) proinflammatory cytokine secreted during e. coli infection in gut. s. boulardii has been shown decrease secretion of il-8 during e. coli infection; s. boulardii have protective effect in inflammatory bowel disease. s. boulardii may exhibit part of anti-inflammatory potential through modulation of dendritic cell phenotype, function, , migration inhibition of immune response bacterial microbial surrogate antigens such lipopolysaccharide. recent study showed culture of primary human myeloid dendritic cells cd1c+cd11c+cd123- dc (mdc) in presence of s. boulardii culture supernatant (active component molecular weight < 3 kda evaluated membrane partition chromatography) reduced expression of co-stimulatory molecules cd40 , cd80 , dendritic cell mobilization marker cc-chemokine receptor ccr7 (cd197) induced prototypical microbial antigen lipopolysaccharide. moreover, secretion key proinflammatory cytokines tnf-α , il-6 notably reduced, while secretion of anti-inflammatory il-10 did increase. finally, s. boulardii supernatant inhibited proliferation of naïve t-cells in mixed lymphocyte reaction mdc.

increased levels of disaccharidases

the trophic effect on enterocytes has been shown increase levels of disaccharidases such lactase, sucrase, maltase, glucoamylase, , n-aminopeptidase in intestinal mucosa of humans , rats. can lead increased breakdown of disaccharides monosaccharides can absorbed bloodstream via enterocytes. can in treatment of diarrhea, level of enzymatic activity has diminished , carbohydrate cannot degraded , absorbed.

increased immune response

s. boulardii induces secretion of immunoglobulin in small intestine of rat.