History Reproductive rights

1 history

1.1 proclamation of teheran
1.2 cairo programme of action
1.3 beijing platform
1.4 yogyakarta principles
1.5 other
1.6 state abuses

history
proclamation of teheran

in 1945, united nations charter included obligation promote... universal respect for, , observance of, human rights , fundamental freedoms without discrimination race, sex, language, or religion . however, charter did not define these rights. 3 years later, un adopted universal declaration of human rights (udhr), first international legal document delineate human rights; udhr not mention reproductive rights. reproductive rights began appear subset of human rights in 1968 proclamation of teheran, states: parents have basic human right determine freely , responsibly number , spacing of children .

this right affirmed un general assembly in 1969 declaration on social progress , development states family basic unit of society , natural environment growth , well-being of members, particularly children , youth, should assisted , protected may assume responsibilities within community. parents have exclusive right determine freely , responsibly number , spacing of children. 1975 un international women s year conference echoed proclamation of teheran.

cairo programme of action

the twenty-year cairo programme of action adopted in 1994 @ international conference on population , development (icpd) in cairo. non-binding programme of action asserted governments have responsibility meet individuals reproductive needs, rather demographic targets. recommended family planning services provided in context of other reproductive health services, including services healthy , safe childbirth, care sexually transmitted infections, , post-abortion care. icpd addressed issues such violence against women, sex trafficking, , adolescent health. cairo program first international policy document define reproductive health, stating:

reproductive health state of complete physical, mental , social well-being , not merely absence of disease or infirmity, in matters relating reproductive system , functions , processes. reproductive health therefore implies people able have satisfying , safe sex life , have capability reproduce , freedom decide if, when , how so. implicit in last condition right of men , women informed [about] , have access safe, effective, affordable , acceptable methods of family planning of choice, other methods regulation of fertility not against law, , right of access appropriate health-care services enable women go safely through pregnancy , childbirth , provide couples best chance of having healthy infant [para. 72].

unlike previous population conferences, wide range of interests grassroots government level represented in cairo. 179 nations attended icpd , overall eleven thousand representatives governments, ngos, international agencies , citizen activists participated. icpd did not address far-reaching implications of hiv/aids epidemic. in 1999, recommendations @ icpd+5 expanded include commitment aids education, research, , prevention of mother-to-child transmission, development of vaccines , microbicides.

the cairo programme of action adopted 184 un member states. nevertheless, many latin american , islamic states made formal reservations programme, in particular, concept of reproductive rights , sexual freedom, treatment of abortion, , potential incompatibility islamic law.

beijing platform

the 1995 fourth world conference on women in beijing, in non-binding declaration , platform action, supported cairo programme s definition of reproductive health, established broader context of reproductive rights:

the human rights of women include right have control on , decide freely , responsibly on matters related sexuality, including sexual , reproductive health, free of coercion, discrimination , violence. equal relationships between women , men in matters of sexual relations , reproduction, including full respect integrity of person, require mutual respect, consent , shared responsibility sexual behavior , consequences [para. 96].

the beijing platform demarcated twelve interrelated critical areas of human rights of women require advocacy. platform framed women s reproductive rights indivisible, universal , inalienable human rights.

yogyakarta principles

the yogyakarta principles on application of international human rights law in relation sexual orientation , gender identity, proposed group of experts in november 2006 not yet incorporated states in international law, declares in preamble international community has recognized rights of persons decide freely , responsibly on matters related sexuality, including sexual , reproductive health, free coercion, discrimination, , violence. in relation reproductive health, principle 9 on right treatment humanity while in detention requires states shall... [p]rovide adequate access medical care , counseling appropriate needs of in custody, recognizing particular needs of persons on basis of sexual orientation , gender identity, including regard reproductive health, access hiv/aids information , therapy , access hormonal or other therapy gender-reassignment treatments desired. nonetheless, african, caribbean , islamic countries, russian federation, have objected use of these principles human rights standards.

other

the first legal textbook on reproductive rights law, cases on reproductive rights , justice melissa murray , kristin luker, published in 2015 foundation press.

state abuses

state abuses against reproductive rights have happened both under right-wing , left-wing governments. such abuses include attempts forcefully increase birth rate - 1 of notorious natalist policies of 20th century occurred in communist romania in period of 1967-1990 during communist leader nicolae ceaușescu, adopted aggressive natalist policy included outlawing abortion , contraception, routine pregnancy tests women, taxes on childlessness, , legal discrimination against childless people - attempts decrease fertility rate - china s 1 child policy (1978-2015). state mandated forced marriage practiced authoritarian governments way meet population targets: khmer rouge regime in cambodia systematically forced people marriages, in order increase population , continue revolution. governments have implemented eugenic policies of forced sterilizations of undesirable population groups. such policies carried out against ethnic minorities in europe , north america in 20th century, , more in latin america against indigenous population in 1990s; in peru, president alberto fujimori (in office 1990 2000) has been accused of genocide , crimes against humanity result of sterilization program put in place administration targeting indigenous people (mainly quechuas , aymaras).