Former multinational states Multinational state

1 former multinational states

1.1 austria-hungary
1.2 ottoman empire
1.3 soviet union
1.4 yugoslavia

former multinational states


austria-hungary

austria-hungary, succeeded austrian empire, historical multinational state. centrifugal forces within it, coupled loss in world war i, led breakup in 1918. successor states included first austrian republic, kingdom of hungary, czechoslovakia, , state of slovenes, croats , serbs, later became part of kingdom of yugoslavia. parts of austria-hungary incorporated poland, ukraine, kingdom of romania, , kingdom of italy.

the principal languages of austria-hungary german, hungarian, polish, czech, , croatian, there many minor languages, including ukrainian, romanian, slovak, serbian, slovene, rusyn, italian, , yiddish.

ottoman empire

the ottoman empire dynastic state of turkish house of osman. @ peak in 16th , 17th centuries, controlled of southeast europe, western asia, caucasus, north africa, , horn of africa.

in addition turks, ethnic groups of ottoman empire included albanians, amazighs, arabs, armenians, assyrians, bosnians, bulgarians, circassians, georgians, greeks, jews, kurds, laz, macedonians, romanians, serbs, tatars, , zazas.

through millet courts, confessional communities allowed rule under own legal systems: example, sharia law muslims, canon law christians, , halakha law jews. after tanzimat reforms 1839–76, term millet used refer legally protected religious minority groups, similar way other countries use word nation . (the word millet comes arabic word millah (ملة), literally means nation .) millet system has been called example of pre-modern religious pluralism.

soviet union

the soviet union state composed of soviet republics (of there 15 after 1956), capital in moscow. founded in december 1922, when russian sfsr—which formed during russian revolution of 1917 , emerged victorious in ensuing russian civil war—unified transcaucasian, ukrainian, , belarusian ssrs. addressing extraordinary eighth congress of soviets of soviet union on 25 november 1936, joseph stalin stated within soviet union there sixty nations, national groups, , nationalities. soviet state multinational state.

in late 1980s, of republics sought sovereignty on territories, citing article 72 of ussr constitution, stated constituent republic free secede. on 7 april 1990, law passed allowing republic secede if more two-thirds of residents voted secession in referendum. many held free elections, , resulting legislatures passed bills contradicted soviet laws, in became known war of laws.

in 1989, russian sfsr—the largest constituent republic, half of ussr s population—convened new congress of people s deputies , elected boris yeltsin chairman. on 12 june 1990, congress declared russia s sovereignty on territory , proceeded pass legislation attempted supersede soviet laws. legal uncertainty continued through 1991 constituent republics gained de facto independence.

in referendum on 17 march 1991, majorities in 9 of 15 republics voted preserve union. referendum gave soviet leader mikhail gorbachev minor boost, , in summer of 1991, new union treaty designed , agreed upon 8 republics. treaty have turned soviet union looser federation, signing interrupted august coup—an attempted coup d état against gorbachev hardline communist party members of government , kgb, sought reverse gorbachev s reforms , reassert central government s control on republics. when coup collapsed, yeltsin—who had publicly opposed it—came out hero, while gorbachev s power ended.

as result, balance of power tipped toward republics. in august 1991, latvia , estonia declared independence (following lithuania s 1990 example), while other twelve republics continued discuss new, increasingly loose models union.

on 8 december 1991, presidents of russia, ukraine, , belarus signed belavezha accords, declared soviet union dissolved , established commonwealth of independent states (cis) in place. doubts remained authority of belavezha accords dissolve union, on 21 december 1991, representatives of every soviet republic except georgia—including had signed belavezha accords—signed alma-ata protocol, confirmed dissolution of ussr , reiterated establishment of cis. on 25 december 1991, gorbachev yielded, resigning president of ussr , declaring office extinct. turned powers vested in soviet presidency on yeltsin, president of russia.

the following day, supreme soviet, highest governmental body of soviet union, dissolved itself. many organizations, such soviet army , police forces, remained in place in months of 1992, phased out , either withdrawn or absorbed newly independent states.

yugoslavia

the breakup of socialist federal republic of yugoslavia.

the first country known name kingdom of yugoslavia, known until 3 october 1929 kingdom of serbs, croats, , slovenes. established on 1 december 1918 union of state of slovenes, croats, , serbs , kingdom of serbia (to kingdom of montenegro had been annexed on 13 november 1918), , conference of ambassadors gave international recognition union on 13 july 1922.

the kingdom of yugoslavia invaded axis powers in 1941 , abolished result of world war ii. succeeded democratic federal yugoslavia, proclaimed in 1943 yugoslav partisans resistance movement. when communist government established in 1946, country renamed federal people s republic of yugoslavia. in 1963, renamed again, becoming socialist federal republic of yugoslavia (sfry). largest yugoslav state, istria , rijeka having been added after world war ii.

the country consisted of 6 constituent socialist republics (sr bosnia , herzegovina, sr croatia, sr macedonia, sr montenegro, sr slovenia, , sr serbia) , 2 socialist autonomous provinces (sap vojvodina , sap kosovo, became largely equal other members of federation after 1974).

starting in 1991, sfry disintegrated in yugoslav wars, followed secession of of country s constituent entities. next yugoslavia, known federal republic of yugoslavia, existed until 2003, when renamed serbia , montenegro. in 2006, last vestige separated serbia , montenegro, go further in 2008 after kosovo unilaterally declared independence.