Issues Reproductive rights

1 issues

1.1 cairo programme of action implementation
1.2 abortion
1.3 population control
1.4 female genital mutilation
1.5 sperm donation
1.6 compulsory sterilization

1.6.1 roma women
1.6.2 united states
1.6.3 canada


1.7 roman catholic church

issues
cairo programme of action implementation

implementation of cairo programme of action varies considerably country country. in many countries, post-icpd tensions emerged human rights-based approach implemented. since icpd, many countries have broadened reproductive health programs , attempted integrate maternal , child health services family planning. more attention paid adolescent health , consequences of unsafe abortion. lara knudsen observes icpd succeeded in getting feminist language governments , population agencies literature, in many countries underlying concepts not put practice. in 2 preparatory meetings icpd+10 in asia , latin america, united states, under george w. bush administration, nation opposing icpd s programme of action.

abortion

according study , guttmacher institute worldwide, 25 million unsafe abortions (45% of abortions) occurred every year between 2010 , 2014. 97% of unsafe abortions occur in developing countries in africa, asia , latin america. contrast, abortions take place in western , northern europe , north america safe.

the committee on elimination of discrimination against women considers criminalization of abortion violations of women’s sexual , reproductive health , rights , form of gender based violence ; paragraph 18 of general recommendation no. 35 on gender based violence against women, updating general recommendation no. 19 states that: violations of women’s sexual , reproductive health , rights, such forced sterilizations, forced abortion, forced pregnancy, criminalisation of abortion, denial or delay of safe abortion , post abortion care, forced continuation of pregnancy, abuse , mistreatment of women , girls seeking sexual , reproductive health information, goods , services, forms of gender based violence that, depending on circumstances, may amount torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. same general recommendation urges countries @ paragraph 31 [...] in particular, repeal: a) provisions allow, tolerate or condone forms of gender based violence against women, including [...] legislation criminalises abortion .

an article world health organization calls safe, legal abortion fundamental right of women, irrespective of live , unsafe abortion silent pandemic . article states ending silent pandemic of unsafe abortion urgent public-health , human-rights imperative. states access safe abortion improves women’s health, , vice versa, documented in romania during regime of president nicolae ceaușescu , legalisation of abortion on request necessary insufficient step toward improving women’s health citing in countries, such india abortion has been legal decades, access competent care remains restricted because of other barriers. who’s global strategy on reproductive health, adopted world health assembly in may 2004, noted: “as preventable cause of maternal mortality , morbidity, unsafe abortion must dealt part of mdg on improving maternal health , other international development goals , targets. s development , research training in human reproduction (hrp), research concerns people s sexual , reproductive health , lives, has overall strategy combat unsafe abortion comprises 4 inter-related activities:

to collate, synthesize , generate scientifically sound evidence on unsafe abortion prevalence , practices;
to develop improved technologies , implement interventions make abortion safer;
to translate evidence norms, tools , guidelines;
and assist in development of programmes , policies reduce unsafe abortion , improve access safe abortion , highquality postabortion care

the un has estimated in 2017 repealing anti-abortion laws save lives of 50,000 women year. unsafe abortions take place in countries abortion illegal, occur in countries legal, women cannot access because of various reasons (conscientious objectors among doctors, high prices, lack of knowledge abortion legal). indeed, there countries law liberal, in practice difficult have abortion, due doctors being conscientious objectors. fact countries abortion legal de facto difficult have access 1 controversial; un in 2017 resolution on intensification of efforts prevent , eliminate forms of violence against women , girls: domestic violence urged states guarantee access safe abortion such services permitted national law . safe , legal abortion services difficult access women rural areas or lower socioeconomic backgrounds. in 2008, human rights watch stated in fact, abortion permitted law, women have severely limited access safe abortion services because of lack of proper regulation, health services, or political , estimated approximately 13 percent of maternal deaths worldwide attributable unsafe abortion—between 68,000 , 78,000 deaths annually.

when negotiating cairo programme of action @ 1994 international conference on population , development (icpd), issue contentious delegates decided omit recommendation legalize abortion, instead advising governments provide proper post-abortion care , invest in programs decrease number of unwanted pregnancies.

on april 18, 2008 parliamentary assembly of council of europe, group comprising members 47 european countries, adopted resolution calling decriminalization of abortion within reasonable gestational limits , guaranteed access safe abortion procedures. nonbinding resolution passed on april 16 vote of 102 69.

during , after icpd, interested parties attempted interpret term ‘reproductive health’ in sense implies abortion means of family planning or, indeed, right abortion. these interpretations, however, not reflect consensus reached @ conference. european union, legislation on abortion less restrictive elsewhere, council presidency has stated council’s commitment promote ‘reproductive health’ did not include promotion of abortion. likewise, european commission, in response question member of european parliament, clarified:

“the term ‘reproductive health’ defined united nations (un) in 1994 @ cairo international conference on population , development. member states of union endorsed programme of action adopted @ cairo. union has never adopted alternative definition of ‘reproductive health’ given in programme of action, makes no reference abortion.”

with regard u.s., should noted that, few days prior cairo conference, head of u.s. delegation, vice president al gore, had stated record:

“let false issue off table: not seek establish new international right abortion, , not believe abortion should encouraged method of family planning.”

some years later, position of u.s. administration in debate reconfirmed u.s. ambassador un, ellen sauerbrey, when stated @ meeting of un commission on status of women that: “nongovernmental organizations attempting assert beijing in way creates or contributes creation of internationally recognized fundamental right abortion”. added: “there no fundamental right abortion. , yet keeps coming largely driven ngos trying hijack term , trying make definition”.

collaborative research institute of development studies states access safe abortion matter of human rights, democracy , public health, , denial of such access major cause of death , impairment, significant costs [international] development . research highlights inequities of access safe abortion both globally , nationally , emphasises importance of global , national movements reform address this. shift campaigners of reproductive rights issue-based agenda (the right abortion), safe, legal abortion not human right, bound democratic , citizenship rights, has been important way of reframing abortion debate , reproductive justice agenda.

meanwhile, european court of human rights complicated question more through landmark judgment (case of a. b. , c. v. ireland), in stated denial of abortion health and/or well-being reasons interference individuals right respect private , family life under article 8 of european convention on human rights, interference in cases can justified.

population control

compulsory or forced sterilizations , abortions may occur in context of population control policies. 1970s 1980s, tension grew between women s health activists advance women s reproductive rights part of human rights-based approach on 1 hand, , population control advocates on other. @ 1984 un world population conference in mexico city population control policies came under attack women s health advocates argued policies narrow focus led coercion , decreased quality of care, , these policies ignored varied social , cultural contexts in family planning provided in developing countries. in 1980s hiv/aids epidemic forced broader discussion of sex public discourse in many countries, leading more emphasis on reproductive health issues beyond reducing fertility. growing opposition narrow population control focus led significant departure in 1990s past population control policies. in united states, abortion opponents have begun foment conspiracy theories reproductive rights advocates, accusing them of advancing racist agenda of eugenics, , of trying reduce african american birth rate in u.s.

female genital mutilation

prevalence of fgm

female genital mutilation (fgm) defined procedures involve partial or total removal of external female genitalia, or other injury female genital organs non-medical reasons. procedure has no health benefits, , can cause severe bleeding , problems urinating, cysts, infections, , complications in childbirth , increased risk of newborn deaths. performed traditional, cultural or religious reasons in many parts of world, in africa. istanbul convention prohibits fgm (article 38).

sperm donation

laws in many countries , states require sperm donors either anonymous or known recipient, or laws restrict number of children each donor may father. although many donors choose remain anonymous, new technologies such internet , dna technology have opened new avenues wishing know more biological father, siblings , half-siblings.

compulsory sterilization


roma women

during 20th century, forced sterilization of roma women in european countries, in former communist countries, practiced, , there allegations these practices continue unofficially in countries, such czech republic, bulgaria, hungary , romania. in v. c. vs. slovakia, european court human rights ruled in favor of roma woman victim of forced sterilization in state hospital in slovakia in 2000.

united states

an individual’s sterilization 1 of main issues behind reproductive rights being ignored believe have right decide whether people fit have children. mental stability of individual , physical defects individual might have played important role in beginnings of forced sterilization. individuals afraid these defects hereditary , wanted put stop before society became incompetent. although there numerous operations may render 1 sterile, vasectomy in male , salpingectomy in female considered least radical. neither operation considered dangerous. laws of states in sterilization practiced vary. numerous provisions have been made both united states , individual states limiting number of degenerates in country. creation of voluntary programs such planned parenthood (presented use of abstinence , contraceptives forms of controlling population growth) introduced families control birth rate.

sterilization has long been controversial topic in united states. through 1970s, states choose women allowed procedure , women not eligible. strategy proved repressive, both women wished become sterilized , not granted right, women had no choice become sterilized. then, today, sterilization form of birth control highly sought after women. however, until 1960s, illegal women become sterilized reasons other eugenics, meant sterilization birth control illegal. left many women highly legitimate reasons sterilization unable receive procedure. meant women undergoing procedure getting non-birth control reasons , not choice.

additionally, both compulsory , coercive sterilization have become constitutional issues because argue violates individual’s ‘right procreate’. in 1972, eisenstadt v. baird set precedent: “the right of individual, married or single, free unwarranted government intrusion matters fundamentally affecting person decision bear or beget child”. yet, sterilization still being used in court sentencing both men , women in cases involving child abuse and/or neglect, drug abuse, , other criminal activity. relationship between reproductive rights , sterilization visible in hospital settings doctors have been documented ordering women, namely low-income women of color, consent sterilization or have birthing services withheld.

canada

canada took initiative in assisting women seeking abortions globally, on wednesday march 8, 2017, international women s day, prime minister justin trudeau announced $650 million advocacy program. move came following united states of america cutting budget reproductive health , family planning in developing world. under previous obama government, united states had pause policy withheld funding abortions , sexual health resources globally. however, under trump administration, policy reinitiated, had been under previous republican governments. program see’s canada become worldwide leader in women’s rights initiatives, assists in advocacy safe, , legal abortions in nations prohibit them.

abortion illegal in estimated 125 nations. trudeau , liberal government of canada emphasized money assist in developing support groups globally challenge legislation within these nations enforce women’s rights.

according canadian government primary focus of foreign aid strategy removing judicial , legal barriers fulfillment of sexual , reproductive health , rights . strategy aims reduce unsafe abortions , educate individuals on contraception , family planning.

the move illustrated push assist women globally after shift in gender lenses has become more prevalent. advocacy groups have rallied make global standards move inclusive women in recent years, , move canadian government emphasized more. international development minister marie-claude bibeau emphasized society needs apply feminist lens , , advocate parity amongst genders.

however, implementation of program holds potential heavily criticized globally, nations such africa consist of conservative governments, heavily religious investment. christian , islamic groups heavily influence these governments, , exceptionally anti-abortion under religious code.

yearly, 21.6 million women experience unsafe abortion worldwide , on 18.5 million of these occurring in developing nation. these staggering figures led many individuals expressing support new canadian governments plan, stating comes @ critical moment, when world seeing clawing of hard-won women’s rights in many countries .

prime minister trudeau emphasized personal support regards stopping high mortality rate saying far many women , girls, unsafe abortions , lack of choices in reproductive health mean either @ risk of death or else cannot contribute , cannot achieve full potential”

internally, canadian political parties @ odds nature of policy , allocation of funds budget. ndp representative hélène laverdière stated party pleased initiative, feel amount of money not enough have major impact. contrarily, conservative party representative karen vecchio, expressed displeasure decision, stating rather see money invested on home soil towards indigenous women.

roman catholic church

the catholic church opposed artificial contraception, abortion, , sexual intercourse outside marriage. belief dates first centuries of christianity. while roman catholicism not religion such views, religious doctrine powerful in influencing counties of population catholic, , few countries of world complete bans on abortion catholic-majority countries, , in europe strict restrictions on abortion exist in catholic majority countries of malta (complete ban), ireland, andorra, san marino, liechtenstein , lesser extent poland , monaco.