Through the centuries Turco-Persian tradition

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tomb of humayun shares similar patterns taj mahal



taj mahal


the mughals, persianized turks had invaded india central asia , claimed descent both timur , genghis khan, strengthened persianate culture of muslim india. cultivated art, enticing courts artists , architects bukhara, tabriz, shiraz, , other cities of islamic world. taj mahal commissioned mughal emperor shah jahan. mughals dominated india 1526 until eighteenth century, when muslim successor states , non-muslim powers of sikh, maratha, , british replaced them.


the ottoman, safavid, , mughal empires developed variations of broadly similar turco-persian tradition. remarkable similarity in culture, particularly among elite classes, spread across territories of western, central , south asia. although populations across vast region had conflicting allegiances (sectarian, locality, tribal, , ethnic affiliation) , spoke many different languages (mostly indo-iranian languages persian, urdu, hindi, punjabi, pushtu, baluchi, or kurdish, or turkic languages turkish, azeri, turkmen, uzbek, or kyrgyz), people shared number of common institutions, arts, knowledge, customs, , rituals. these cultural similarities perpetuated poets, artists, architects, artisans, jurists, , scholars, maintained relations among peers in far-flung cities of turco-persian world, istanbul delhi.


as broad cultural region remained politically divided, sharp antagonisms between empires stimulated appearance of variations of turco-persian culture. main reason safavids’ introduction of shiism persia, done distinguish sunni neighbors, ottomans. after 1500, persian culture developed distinct features of own, , interposition of strong shiite culture hampered exchanges sunni peoples on persia s western , eastern frontiers. sunni peoples of eastern mediterranean in asia minor, syria, iraq, egypt, , sunnis of central asia , india developed independently. ottoman turkey grew more arab muslim neighbors in west asia; india developed south asian style of indo-persian culture; , central asia, gradually grew more isolated, changed relatively little.








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