Pre-1949: Origins of the Hukou System Hukou system

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precursors hukou system used during qing dynasty monitor individuals , raise funds war


the first formal codification of hukou system arose @ end of qing dynasty (1644-1912) 1911 huji law. although movement nominally free under statute, registration of individuals government required, , used government pursue communist forces , basis taxation funding of wars. law expanded upon baojia system, , intended establish sense of stability.


in period following fall of qing dynasty, china ruled various actors, each of employed system of household or personal identification. during japanese occupation, japanese employed system used identify under rule , fund war effort. similarly, guomintang utilized system monitor activities of opponents, chinese communist party, , chinese communist party in turn used system called lianbao, bundled families groups of 5 in order aid in tracking , impeding counterrevolutionaries.








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