Production 2 Phonological development

1 production

1.1 12-14 months
1.2 16 months
1.3 18 months

1.3.1 whole word processes (until age 3 or 4)
1.3.2 segment substitution processes (into school years)


1.4 2 years
1.5 4 years
1.6 7 years

production
12-14 months

infants produce first word around 12 –14 months of age. first words simple in structure , contain same sounds used in late babbling. lexical items produce stored whole words rather individual segments put online when uttering them. suggested fact infants @ age may produce same sounds differently in different words.

16 months

children’s production vocabulary size @ age typically around 50 words, although there great variation in vocabulary size among children in same age group, range between 0 , 160 words majority of children.

18 months

children’s productions become more consistent around age of 18 months. when words differ adult forms, these differences more systematic before. these systematic transformations referred “phonological processes”, , resemble processes typically common in adult phonologies of world’s languages (cf. reduplication in adult jamaican creole: “yellow yellow” = “very yellow” ). common phonological processes listed below.

whole word processes (until age 3 or 4)

- weak syllable deletion: omission of unstressed syllable in target word, e.g., [nænæ] ‘banana’

- final consonant deletion: omission of final consonant in target word, e.g., [pikʌ] ‘because’

- reduplication: production of 2 identical syllables based on 1 of target word syllables, e.g., [baba] ‘bottle’

- consonant harmony: target word consonant takes on features of target word consonant, e.g., [ɡʌk] ‘duck’

- consonant cluster reduction: omission of consonant in target word cluster, e.g., [kæk] ‘cracker’

segment substitution processes (into school years)

- velar fronting: velar replaced coronal sound, e.g., [ti] ‘key’

- stopping: fricative replaced stop, e.g., [ti] ‘sea’

- gliding: liquid replaced glide, e.g., [wæbɪt] ‘rabbit’

2 years

the size of production vocabulary ranges 50 550 words @ age of 2 years. influences on rate of word learning, , on wide range of vocabulary sizes of children of same age, include amount of speech children exposed caregivers differences in how rich vocabulary in speech child hears is. children seem build vocabulary faster if speech hear related focus of attention more often. case if caregiver talks ball child looking at.

4 years

a study gathercole , baddeley (1989) showed importance of sound word meaning. tested phonological memory of 4- , 5-year-old children, i.e., how these children able remember sequence of unfamiliar sounds. found children better phonological memory had larger vocabularies @ both ages. moreover, phonological memory @ age 4 predicted children’s vocabulary @ age 5, earlier vocabulary , nonverbal intelligence factored out.

7 years

children produce adult-like segments. ability produce complex sound sequences , multisyllabic words continues improve throughout middle childhood.