Youth rights and access Reproductive rights

1 youth rights , access

1.1 minors
1.2 africa
1.3 european union
1.4 latin america
1.5 jordan
1.6 united states

youth rights , access

minors

in many jurisdictions minors require parental consent or parental notification in order access various reproductive services, such contraception, abortion, gynecological consultations, testing stds etc. requirement minors have parental consent/notification testing hiv/aids controversial, particularly in areas disease endemic, , sensitive subject. balancing minors rights versus parental rights considered ethical problem in medicine , law, , there have been many court cases on issue in us. important concept recognized since 1989 convention on rights of child of evolving capacities of minor, namely minors should, in accordance maturity , level of understanding, involved in decisions affect them.

youth denied equal access reproductive health services because health workers view adolescent sexual activity unacceptable, or see sex education responsibility of parents. providers of reproductive health have little accountability youth clients, primary factor in denying youth access reproductive health care. in many countries, regardless of legislation, minors denied basic reproductive care, if not accompanied parents: in india, instance, in 2017, 17-year-old girl rejected family due pregnancy, rejected hospitals , gave birth in street. in recent years lack of reproductive rights adolescents has been concern of international organizations, such unfpa.

mandatory involvement of parents in cases minor has sufficient maturity understand situation considered health organization violation of minor s rights , detrimental heath. world health organization has criticized parental consent/notification laws:

discrimination in health care settings takes many forms , manifested when individual or group denied access health care services otherwise available others. can occur through denial of services needed groups, such women. examples include specific individuals or groups being subjected physical , verbal abuse or violence; involuntary treatment; breaches of confidentiality and/or denial of autonomous decision-making, such requirement of consent treatment parents, spouses or guardians; , lack of free , informed consent. [...] laws , policies must respect principles of autonomy in health care decision-making; guarantee free , informed consent, privacy , confidentiality; prohibit mandatory hiv testing; prohibit screening procedures not of benefit individual or public; , ban involuntary treatment , mandatory third-party authorization , notification requirements.

according unicef: when dealing sexual , reproductive health, obligation inform parents , obtain consent becomes significant barrier consequences adolescents’ lives , public health in general. 1 specific issue seen form of hypocrisy of legislators of having higher age of medical consent purpose of reproductive , sexual health age of sexual consent - in such cases law allows youth engage in sexual activity, not allow them consent medical procedures may arise being sexually active; unicef states on sexual , reproductive health matters, minimum age of medical consent should never higher age of sexual consent.

africa


ad promoting abstinence in ghana: no sex ad (anti-hiv/aids ― signage). abstinence-only sex education form of sex education teaches not having sex outside of marriage, excluding other types of sexual , reproductive health education, such birth control , safe sex. comprehensive sex education, contrast, covers use of birth control , sexual abstinence.

many unintended pregnancies stem traditional contraceptive methods or no contraceptive measures.

youth sexual education in uganda relatively low. comprehensive sex education not taught in schools; if was, majority of young people not stay in school after age of fifteen, information limited regardless.

a classroom in south africa.

africa experiences high rates of unintended pregnancy, along high rates of hiv/aids. young women aged 15–24 8 times more have hiv/aids young men. sub-saharan africa world region affected hiv/aids, approximately 25 million people living hiv in 2015. sub-saharan africa accounts two-thirds of global total of new hiv infections.

attempted abortions , unsafe abortions risk youth in africa. on average, there 2.4 million unsafe abortions in east africa, 1.8 million in western africa, on 900,000 in middle africa, , on 100,000 in southern africa each year.

in uganda, abortion illegal except save mother s life. however, 78% of teenagers report knowing has had abortion , police not prosecute has abortion. estimated 22% of maternal deaths in area stem illegal, unsafe abortions.

european union

over 85% of european women (all ages) have used form of birth control in lives. europeans aggregate report using pill , condoms commonly used contraceptives.

family planning has become prominent throughout region , taboos concerning sexuality have been lifted or diminished. youth sexual , reproductive health centers have been established across of region. in sweden, approximately 80% of girls , 17% of boys have visited these youth centers, provide or services youth need @ little no charge. sweden has highest percentage of lifetime contraceptive use, 96% of inhabitants claiming have used birth control @ point in life. sweden has high self-reported rate of postcoital pill use. 2007 anonymous survey of swedish 18-year-olds showed 3 out of 4 youth sexually active, 5% reporting having had abortion , 4% reporting contraction of sti. similar centers exist in estonia, finland, , portugal.

views on sexual practice vary throughout region. example, in united kingdom (uk), sex among youth looked down upon , seen problem in need of solution. in netherlands, sex between youth viewed normal , therefore not discussed in terms of solutions, rather in terms of ensuring safe practices. being said, uk tends focus on stopping sexual behavior, while netherlands focuses on building self-esteem , healthy relationships.

latin america

latin america has come international attention due harsh anti-abortion laws. latin america home of few countries of world complete ban on abortion, without exception saving maternal life. in of these countries, particularity in central america, enforcement of such laws aggressive: el salvador , nicaragua have drawn international attention strong enforcement of complete bans on abortion. in 2017, chile relaxed total ban, allowing abortion performed when woman’s life in danger, when fetus unviable, or in cases of rape.

in ecuador, education , class play large role in definition of young women become pregnant , not - 50% of young women illiterate pregnant, compared 11% of girls secondary education. same true poorer individuals - 28% become impregnated while 11% of young women in wealthier households do. furthermore, access reproductive rights, including contraceptives, limited, due age , perception of female morality. health care providers discuss contraception theoretically, not device used on regular basis. decisions concerning sexual activity involve secrecy , taboos, lack of access accurate information. more telling, young women have easier access maternal healthcare contraceptive help, helps explain high pregnancy rates in region.

rates of adolescent pregnancy in latin america number on million each year.

jordan

in jordan, there no sex education in school system; when curriculum includes information sexual issues, teachers apt skim on it, fear of upsetting parents or being uncomfortable. youth in country desire comprehensive, correct, , precise information healthcare providers, although report experiencing that. many youth equate reproductive health maternal health, not recognizing connections before pregnancy.

accessibility , availability of clinics in jordan vary depending on location. villagers have hard time making clinics, due high cost of transportation , distance must covered. health care centers overcrowded , understaffed, limited hours of operation. youth report long wait times , unhygienic conditions @ clinics. personal experiences health care workers vary, youth feeling though received disrespectful , unfair treatment.

united states

among sexually experienced teenagers, 78% of teenage females , 85% of teenage males used contraception first time had sex; 86% , 93% of these same females , males, respectively, reported using contraception last time had sex. male condom commonly used method during first sex, although 54% of young women in united states rely upon pill.

young people in u.s. no more sexually active individuals in other developed countries, less knowledgeable contraception , safe sex practices. of 2006, twenty states required sex education in schools - of these, ten required information contraception. on whole, less 10% of american students receive sex education includes topical coverage of abortion, homosexuality, relationships, pregnancy, , sti prevention. abstinence-only education used throughout of united states in 1990s , 2000s. based upon moral principle sex outside of marriage unacceptable, programs misled students rights have sex, consequences, , prevention of pregnancy , stis.

according 2006 statistics, 1 in 3 people in u.s. contract sti age of 24 , age of 20, forty percent of women have been pregnant. according center disease control, young people ages 15–24 account 50% of new stis, prevalent being hpv , chlamydia. family planning in united states can expensive , not covered insurance plans. however, effective beginning september 23, 2010, following passage of affordable care act, preventative services, including contraception, , sti screenings , counseling, available insured women no co-pay.

in 24 states, legislation passed required women seeking abortion have ultrasound @ least 24 hours before it. in addition ultrasound requirement, several states such texas have passed legislation requiring facilities provide abortions classified ambulatory surgery centers, despite low rates of abortion complications each year. many people view type of legislation way discourage women getting abortions. u.s. supreme court has struck down texas’ recent law have reduced number of facilities able give abortions 8 in state.