Other uses Caret

1 other uses

1.1 programming languages
1.2 surrogate symbol superscript , exponentiation
1.3 escape character
1.4 ordinal indicator
1.5 signature tag
1.6 upwards-pointing arrow
1.7 estimator

other uses
programming languages

the caret has many uses in programming languages. can signify exponentiation, bitwise xor operator, string concatenation, , control characters in caret notation, among other uses. in regular expressions, caret used mark beginning of string, or beginning of line within string (depending on regular expression dialect , specified options); if begins character class, indicates inverse of class matched. pascal uses caret declaring pointers , when dereferencing them. go uses bitwise not operator.

in smalltalk, caret takes function of return statement. in method, ^ 1 cause method exit , return number 1.

in c++/cli type of pointer c++ pointer, , .net reference types accessed through handle , new syntax classname^ instead of classname*. new construct helpful when managed , standard c++ code mixed; clarifies objects under .net automatic garbage collection , objects programmer must remember explicitly destroy. in development apple s mac os x , ios, carets used create blocks, , denote block types.

since character not available in character sets , keyboard layouts, ansi c can transcribe in form of trigraph ?? which, inside string literals, equivalent ^ character. c++ additionally supports tokens xor (for ^ ) , xor_eq (for ^= ) avoid character altogether. rfc 1345 recommends transcribe character digraph >, if not available.

surrogate symbol superscript , exponentiation

in mathematics, caret can signify exponentiation (3^5 3), usual superscript not readily usable (as on graphing calculators). caret used indicate superscript in tex typesetting. isaac asimov described in 1974 skewered! essay (on skewes number), make exponent figure of normal size , though being held lever, , added weight when size grows bends lever down. use of caret exponentiation can traced algol 60, expressed exponentiation operator upward-pointing arrow, intended evoke superscript notation common in mathematics. upward-pointing arrow used form of iterated exponentiation in knuth s up-arrow notation.

escape character

the command-line interpreter, cmd.exe, of windows family of operating systems uses caret (^) escape reserved characters.

example


c:\>echo show greater than: ^> pipe: ^| less than: ^< caret: ^^ , ^%tmp^% , ^&
show greater than: > pipe: | less than: < caret: ^ , %tmp% , &

ordinal indicator

in italian, caret used in similar manner ordinal indicator, noticeably on tickets trenitalia, primary operator of trains within italy, , rome s atac public transit system. on trenitalia tickets, travel class written 1^ or 2^, meaning first class or second class respectively. due lack of feminine ordinal indicator () used in italian in ascii set (the masculine ordinal indicator replaced degree sign when extended characters not available or in less accurate typesetting).

signature tag

in social network services such twitter, caret placed before word used tag word individual s signature within group account differentiating individual s contribution group-authored contribution. caret trademarked symbol denoting single point of contact or spoc.

upwards-pointing arrow

in internet forums, social networking sites such facebook, or in online chats, caret or series of carets may used beneath or after post of 1 user user. in usage, caret ^ represents upwards-pointing arrow meaning readers, posters or original post (op) see above line/post, , in addition arrow usage, can mean user posted ^ agrees above post. multiple carets may indicate comment replying or relating post above correlates number of carets used, or may used emphasis.

a similar use has been adopted programming language compilers such java compiler point out compilation error has occurred. in addition indicating line number , column number of error location, compiler prints out faulty line of code , uses single caret on next line, padded spaces, give visual indication of error location. caret acts upwards-pointing arrow in text-based print out of error details.

estimator

in statistics or other forms of estimation, estimators of parameter or dependent variable can shown use of caret or hat symbol above symbol parameter or dependent variable. example, observations of independent variable data




x

i




{\displaystyle x_{i}}

, dependent variable data




y

i




{\displaystyle y_{i}}

, , assuming model of




y

i


=

β

0


+

β

1



x

i


+

ε

i




{\displaystyle y_{i}=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}x_{i}+\varepsilon _{i}}

, simple linear regression can lead estimated model of form







y
^




i


=




β
^




0


+




β
^




1



x

i




{\displaystyle {\hat {y}}_{i}={\hat {\beta }}_{0}+{\hat {\beta }}_{1}x_{i}}






∑

i


(

y

i


−




y
^




i



)

2




{\displaystyle \sum _{i}(y_{i}-{\hat {y}}_{i})^{2}}

minimised finding optimal values of







β
^




0




{\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}_{0}}

,







β
^




1




{\displaystyle {\hat {\beta }}_{1}}

observed data.