Asia Multinational state

1 asia

1.1 india
1.2 indonesia
1.3 nepal
1.4 sri lanka
1.5 afghanistan
1.6 pakistan
1.7 malaysia
1.8 people s republic of china

asia

many asian countries recognize multiple ethnic groups:

india

india has more 2,000 ethnic groups, , every major religion represented, 4 major language families (indo-european, dravidian, austroasiatic, , sino-tibetan) , language isolate (nihali).

each state , union territory of india has 1 or more official languages, , constitution of india recognizes in particular 21 scheduled languages . recognizes 212 scheduled tribal groups, constitute 7.5% of country s population.

india has muslim-majority state (jammu , kashmir) , muslim-majority union territory (lakshadweep); 3 christian-majority states (meghalaya, mizoram, , nagaland); , sikh-majority state (punjab). of states based on ethnicity, including tamil nadu (tamil), andhra pradesh (telugu), odisha (odia), west bengal (bengali), maharashtra (marathi), punjab (punjabi), haryana (haryanvi), kerala (malyali), , bihar (bihari).

furthermore, several indian states ethnically, religiously, , linguistically diverse. karnataka home tulu , kannada people; jammu , kashmir consists of hindu-majority jammu, muslim-majority kashmir, , buddhist-majority ladakh; , assam includes assamese, bodo, , karbi people.

indonesia

there on 300 ethnic groups in indonesia

nepal

nepal not have majority ethnic group, , society multiethnic, multireligious, , multilingual. aside country s indigenous people, nepalese descendants of migrants kashmir, greater nepal, tibet, india, , parts of myanmar , china s yunnan province.

khas , mongoloids populate hilly areas of nepal, while madhesis, diverse group of indian origin, live in southeast. indigenous tharu people first settlers of terai region, before arrival of madhesis. himalayas sparsely populated above 3,000 m (9,800 ft), north of mountains, in central , western nepal, ethnic sherpas , tamangs inhabit high, semi-arid valleys. kathmandu valley, in middle hill region, constitutes small fraction of nation s area densely populated, 5 percent of nation s population.

sri lanka

sri lanka inhabited sinhalese, sri lankan tamils, indian tamils, moors, veddas, burghers, , other small ethnic groups.

afghanistan

afghanistan has no ethnic majority, although pashtuns estimated account on 45% of population. under sovereign governance of pashtun rulers, term afghan changed ethnonym pashtuns demonym citizen of afghanistan, regardless of ethnic affiliation. change incorporated constitution, making resemble of multinational state. however, irredentist disputes on pakistan s pashtun lands have continued.

other ethnic groups in afghanistan include tajiks, hazaras, uzbeks, aimaqs, turkmens, , balochs. government gives equal status pashto , dari official languages.

pakistan

present-day pakistan arose out of pakistan movement, demanded separate state muslims of british raj. movement based on two-nation theory put forward muhammad ali jinnah: idea hindus , muslims in british india represented not different religious communities distinct nations, , hence that, in event of indian independence, should divided 2 nation states. jinnah (known in pakistan quaid-e-azm , meaning great leader ) outlined theory follows:

it extremely difficult appreciate why our hindu friends fail understand real nature of islam , hinduism. not religious in strict sense of word, are, in fact, different , distinct social orders, , dream hindus , muslims can ever evolve common nationality, , misconception of 1 indian nation has troubles , lead india destruction if fail revise our notions in time. hindus , muslims belong 2 different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. neither intermarry nor interdine and, indeed, belong 2 different civilizations based on conflicting ideas , conceptions. aspect on life , of life different. quite clear hindus , mussalmans derive inspiration different sources of history. have different epics, different heroes, , different episodes. hero of 1 foe of other and, likewise, victories , defeats overlap. yoke 2 such nations under single state, 1 numerical minority , other majority, must lead growing discontent , final destruction of fabric may built government of such state.

this movement culminated in creation of pakistan in 1947 through partition of india. urdu promoted national language of south asian muslims. however, pakistan remains ethnically diverse. punjabis largest language group, @ 45 percent of population, not make absolute majority. furthermore, 8 percent of pakistanis speak national language, urdu, mother tongue. result, many nationalist movements oppose two-nation theory have emerged, arguing pakistan not linguistically diverse state multinational one, , that, therefore, each ethnolinguistic group of pakistan distinct nation. common grievances of these movements include idea punjabis dominate pakistan politically , economically, marginalizing other groups, , establishment of urdu country s sole official language form of cultural imperialism ignores heritage of pakistan s diverse peoples.

the successful of these movements bengali nationalism, led creation of bengali-speaking nation-state of bangladesh. movement asserted urdu s official status gave unfair advantage muhajirs (most of whom speak urdu mother tongue) , punjabis (whose mother tongue, punjabi, similar urdu, , many of whom educated in urdu under british rule). bengalis feared marginalized despite demographic strength as, @ time, largest ethnic group of pakistan. these grievances culminated in secession of east bengal (which had been part of administrative unit of east pakistan) , creation of bangladesh.

today, nationalist movements within pakistan include of sindhis, pashtuns, balochs, mohajirs, , kashmiris. members of these movements assert islam cannot considered sole basis nationhood, , pakistan therefore multinational state. demands range increased autonomy or transformation of pakistan federation, recognition of language rights non-urdu-speaking populations, outright secession.

despite fact punjabis seen dominant ethnic group in pakistan, both economically , politically, there small punjabi movement asserts punjabi language has been unfairly subordinated urdu , supports reestablishment of cultural , economic links east punjab in india.

malaysia

when formed on 16 september 1963, malaysia comprised 4 independent, self-governing nations: malaya, singapore, sabah, , sarawak. in 1965, singapore seceded federation. today, malaya, sabah, , sarawak each have own ethnic majority. generally, however, malaysia considered have 3 major ethnic groups: malays, chinese, , indians. iban people majority in sarawak, while sabah dominated kadazan-dusun, murut, , bajau peoples. malay primary national language, followed english. in sabah , sarawak, english official language, although many locals speak dialect of malay.

people s republic of china

although population of china dominated numerically han chinese, government recognizes 56 ethnic groups. fifty-five of 56 groups account less 10 percent of population.