Europe Multinational state

1 europe

1.1 russian federation
1.2 belgium
1.3 bosnia , herzegovina
1.4 france
1.5 montenegro
1.6 norway
1.7 serbia
1.8 spain
1.9 united kingdom

europe

bosnia , herzegovina , montenegro european states no ethnic majority, many others have ethnic minorities form majority within province or region (see multilingual countries , regions of europe).

russian federation

russia has more 160 ethnic groups , indigenous peoples. largest population ethnic russians, slavs eastern orthodox religious traditions, while tatars , bashkirs predominantly muslim. russia home buddhist populations, such nomadic buryats , kalmyks; shamanistic peoples of siberia , far north; finno-ugric peoples of russian northwest , volga region; korean inhabitants of sakhalin; , peoples of north caucasus.

out of total of more 100 languages spoken in russia, 27 have status of official languages, spoken being russian. more 3 percent of population speaks tatar.

belgium

the territory of belgium equally divided between 2 nations of flanders , wallonia. led political unrest throughout 19th , 20th centuries, , in aftermath of difficult 2007–08 belgian government formation, belgian media envisaged partition of belgium potential solution.

bosnia , herzegovina

bosnia , herzegovina consists of federation of bosnia , herzegovina (fbih), republika srpska (rs), , brčko district (bd).

bosnia , herzegovina home 3 ethnic constituent peoples : bosniaks (50.11%), serbs (30.78%), , croats (15.43%). country s political divisions created dayton agreement, recognized second tier of government comprising 2 entities: federation of bosnia , herzegovina (mostly bosniaks , croats) , republika srpska (mostly serbs), each governing half of state s territory. third region, brčko district, governed locally. today, 3 ethnic groups have equal constitutional status on entire territory of bosnia , herzegovina. country has bicameral legislature , three-member presidency composed of 1 member of each major ethnic group.

france

in order maintain nation state, france not recognize national identity or language other french in territory. however, many of current , former territories—alsace, brittany, corsica, flanders, moselle, northern catalonia, occitania, savoy, , basque country—were not culturally french until francized in late 19th century. according wikileaks, former prime minister michel rocard told american ambassador france, craig roberts stapleton, in 2005, france created destroying 5 cultures: breton, occitan, alsatian, corsican, , flemish.

montenegro

a map showing predominant ethnic group in each municipality of montenegro of 2011.

montenegro multiethnic state in no ethnic group forms majority. preamble of constitution of montenegro identifies numerous nationalities—montenegrins, serbs, bosniaks, albanians, muslims, croats, , others—as citizens of civic , democratic state. largest ethnic groups montenegrins (45%), serbs (28.7%), bosniaks (8.6%), albanians (4.9%), , muslims (3.3%).

the official language montenegrin, serbian, bosnian, albanian, , croatian in official use. in 2011 census, serbian common mother tongue (42.88%), montenegrin second (36.97%), , bosnian third (5.33%).

norway

official policy states norway founded on territory of 2 peoples, norwegians , samis. in addition, forest finns, kvens, jews, romani, , norwegian , swedish travellers recognized national minorities.

serbia

nineteen ethnic groups officially recognized national minorities in serbia. serbs largest ethnic group in country, constituting 83.3 percent of population (excluding kosovo). largest national minorities hungarians, roma, , bosniaks, , there significant populations of croats, montenegrins, albanians, slovaks, romanians, vlachs, rusyns, gorani, macedonians, , bulgarians. since 2002, minorities have been entitled organize own national councils. through councils, members of national minorities can exercise rights in spheres of culture, education, information, , official use of own languages , scripts.

vojvodina multiethnic autonomous province in northern serbia, more 26 ethnic groups , 6 official languages.

spain

definitions of ethnicity , nationality in spain politically fraught, particularly since transition francoist spain kingdom of spain in 1970s, when local regionalisms , peripheral nationalisms became major part of national politics.

the term spanish people (spanish: pueblo español) defined in spanish constitution of 1978 political sovereign, i.e., citizens of kingdom of spain. same constitution, in preamble, speaks of peoples , nationalities of spain (pueblos y nacionalidades de españa) , respective cultures, traditions, languages, , institutions.

the cia world factbook (2011) describes spain s ethnic makeup composite of mediterranean , nordic types , instead of usual breakdown of ethnic composition. reflects formation of modern kingdom of spain accretion of numerous independent iberian realms: andalusia, aragon, asturias, castile, catalonia, galicia, león, majorca, navarre, , valencia. thus, today s spaniards include andalusians, aragonese, asturians, basques, cantabrians, castilians, catalans, galicians, leonese, , valencians, , individual members of these groups may or may not consider them distinct nations.

united kingdom

the 4 countries of united kingdom.

while office national statistics describes united kingdom nation state, other people, including former prime minister gordon brown, describe multinational state. term home nations used describe national teams represent 4 nations of united kingdom: england, northern ireland, scotland, , wales.

the kingdom of great britain created on 1 may 1707 political union of kingdom of england , kingdom of scotland. unification result of treaty of union, agreed on 22 july 1706 , ratified parliament of england , parliament of scotland in 1707 acts of union. 2 kingdoms, along kingdom of ireland, had been in personal union result of 1603 union of crowns, in james vi, king of scots, inherited kingdoms of england , ireland , moved court edinburgh london. however, until 1707, 3 had remained separate political entities separate political institutions.

prior acts of union, kingdoms of england , scotland both had minority populations of own called nations. wales , cornwall part of kingdom of england (wales had been officially incorporated england laws in wales acts 1535 , 1542, although had been de facto english territory since 13th century; cornwall had been conquered during anglo-saxon period). northern isles, norse-derived culture, part of scotland, having been pledged norway security against payment of dowry margaret of denmark , integrated in 1471. when kingdom of great britain created, many of inhabitants retained sense of english, scottish, or welsh identity. many of them spoke languages other english: principally scottish gaelic, scots, welsh, cornish, , norn.

almost century later, kingdom of ireland merged kingdom of great britain form united kingdom of great britain , ireland under 1800 acts of union. united kingdom became union of kingdoms of england, ireland, , scotland. eventually, disputes within ireland on terms of irish home rule led partition of island: irish free state received dominion status in 1922, while northern ireland remained part of uk. result, in 1927, formal title of uk changed current form, united kingdom of great britain , northern ireland.

political, ethnic, , religious tensions between irish , british groups in northern ireland culminated in troubles. period of armed conflict erupted in 1966 between loyalist paramilitaries, seeking maintain country s position in uk, , republican paramilitaries, seeking unify ireland 32-county independent republic. british army played key role. following deaths of on 3,500 people, peace treaty reached in 1998, although divisions remain high in areas , sporadic violence still occurs.

the end of 20th century brought major governing changes, establishment of devolved national administrations northern ireland, scotland, , wales following pre-legislative referendums.

the scottish national party, current party of government in scotland, committed goal of independent scotland within european union, opposed leadership of next 3 largest parties in scottish parliament. referendum on scottish independence held in september 2014, , electorate rejected it. plaid cymru, welsh party, has similar ambition wales. several parties in northern ireland, including second- , third-largest, seek establish independent united ireland, , have repeatedly called border polls. d hondt system used here means either first minister or deputy first minister 1 of these parties.